This is a list of sovereign states in the 1940s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 1949. It contains 106 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 99 widely recognized sovereign states, six entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Academic datasets differ in terms of the number of states in the 1940s.[1] At the start of the 1940s, the lowest estimate of the number of states is in the mid-50s whereas the highest is in the low-70s.[1] At the end of the 1940s, the lowest estimate is in the mid-70s while the highest is in the mid-80s.[1]

Sovereign states

Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

Afghanistan – Kingdom of Afghanistan
Capital: Kabul		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 19 November 1946.
→ Albania Albania (from 20 October 1944)
Capital: Tirana 		Widely recognized independent state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella		 Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
 Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 27 December 1945. Argentina was a federation of 23 provinces and 10 federal territories.[lower-alpha 1] It had a claim over Argentine Antarctica (from 1942). It also claimed the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both of which were British overseas territories.
 Australia – Commonwealth of Australia
Capital: Canberra		 Widely recognized independent state. Dominion of the British Empire to 9 October 1942. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 1 November 1945. Commonwealth realm. Australia was a federation of six states and three territories.[lower-alpha 2] It had sovereignty over the following external territories:

Australia administered one League of Nations mandate/United Nations trust territory:

Australia administered two United Nations Trust Territories:

B

 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium (to 17 May 1940, from 3 September 1944)
Capital: Brussels		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 27 December 1945. Belgium had sovereignty over one colony:

Belgium administered one League of Nations mandate / United Nations trust territory:

  • Belgium Ruanda-Urundi (LON mandate became UN trust territory from December 13, 1946)
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan (from 8 August 1949)
Capital: Punakha		 Widely recognized independent state. Bhutan was officially guided by India in its foreign affairs.
 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 14 November 1945.
Brazil Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 24 October 1945. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, five territories, and one federal district.[lower-alpha 3]
Kingdom of Bulgaria → → Bulgaria Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia 		Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946.
Burma – Union of Burma (from 4 January 1948)
Capital: Rangoon		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 19 April 1948.

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa		 Widely recognized independent state.LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 9 November 1945. Commonwealth realm. Canada was a federation of ten provinces and two territories.[lower-alpha 4]
 Ceylon – Dominion of Ceylon (from 4 February 1948)
Capital: Colombo		 Widely recognized independent state. Commonwealth realm.
 Chile – Republic of Chile
Capital: Santiago		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 24 October 1945.
 China, People's Republic of (from 1 October 1949)
Capital: Beijing		 Partially recognized de facto independent state. The Republic of China claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China (from 1 October 1949), but only administered the mainland. It also claimed the Paracel Islands (disputed by the Republic of China and South Vietnam), the Spratly Islands (disputed by the Republic of China, South Vietnam, and the Philippines), and South Tibet (controlled by India's North-East Frontier Agency).
 China, Republic of
Capital: Nanking (to 2 September 1945), Chunking (from 2 September 1945 to 7 December 1949), Taipei (from 7 Dec 1949)		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 24 October 1945. The Republic of China claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China (from 1 October 1949), but only administered Taiwan, Hainan, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island, Itu Aba, and portions of Yunnan Province. The Republic of China had territorial claims over Mongolia; the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River (administered by the Soviet Union); The majority of Gorno-Badakhshan (administered by the Soviet Union); The eastern tip of the Wakhan Corridor (administered by Afghanistan); part of the disputed Kashmir region; eastern Bhutan; South Tibet (controlled by India's North-East Frontier Agency); and Kachin State (administered by Burma).
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogotá		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 5 November 1945. Colombia claimed Quita Sueño Bank, Roncador Bank, and Serrana Bank (disputed by the United States); Bajo Nuevo Bank (disputed by Jamaica, Nicaragua and the United States); and Serranilla Bank (disputed by Nicaragua and the United States)
 Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San José		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 2 November 1945.
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba
Capital: Havana		 Widely recognized independent state; LON member state to 20 April 1946 and UN member state from 2 November 1945. The Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay was under the total control of the United States.
 Czechoslovakia – Czechoslovak Republic (from April 3, 1945)
Capital: Prague 		Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 24 October 1945.[lower-alpha 5]

D

 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark (to 9 April 1940, from 5 May 1945)
Capital: Copenhagen		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1940. UN member state from 24 October 1945.
 Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 9 April 1946. UN member state from 24 October 1945.

E

Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito		 Widely recognized independent state; LON member state to 9 April 1946 and UN member state from 21 December 1945.
Kingdom of Egypt Egypt – Kingdom of Egypt
Capital: Cairo		 Widely recognized independent state; LON member state to 9 April 1946 and UN member state from 24 October 1945.
 El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador		 Widely recognized independent state; UN member state from 24 October 1945.
 Estonia – Republic of Estonia (to June 17, 1940)
Capital: Tallinn		 Widely recognized independent state and LON member state to June 17, 1940.
 Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire (from 5 May, 1941)
Capital: Addis Ababa		 Widely recognized independent state and LON member state to 24 October 1945; UN member state from 24 October 1945.

F

 Finland – Republic of Finland
Capital: Helsinki		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 9 April 1946.
France
Capital: Paris (de jure from 22 June 1940 to 20 August 1944), Vichy (de facto from 22 June 1940 to 20 August 1944) 		Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 18 April 1941 and from 20 August 1944 to 9 April 1946. UN member state from 24 October 1945. France administered the foreign affairs of the following protectorate:
  •  Saar (from 15 December 1947)

G

 Germany (to 8 May 1945)
Capital: Berlin
  • German Reich (to 26 June 1943)
  • Greater German Reich (from 26 June 1943 to 8 May 1945)
 Widely recognized independent state to 8 May 1945.
 Germany, East – German Democratic Republic (from 7 October 1949)
Capital: East Berlin (disputed)		 Widely recognized state under Soviet occupation.
 Germany, West – Federal Republic of Germany (from 23 May 1949)
Capital: Bonn		 Widely-recognized state under Allied occupation. West Germany was a federation of twelve states.[2]
 Greece – Kingdom of Greece (to 23 April 1941, From October 13, 1944)
Capital: Athens		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to April 1941, from Oct 13 1944 to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 25 October 1945.
 Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 21 November 1945)

H

 Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to April 1942. UN member state from 24 October 1945.
Honduras →  Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 17 December 1945.
Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) → Hungarian Republic (1946–49) → Hungarian People's Republic Hungary
Capital: Budapest 		Widely recognized independent state.
Hyderabad State Hyderabad – State of Hyderabad
Capital: Hyderabad (from 15 August 1947 to 17 December 1948)

I

Iceland
Capital: Reykjavík 		Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Denmark to 17 June 1944. UN member state from 19 November 1946.
India India – Union of India (from 15 August 1947)
Capital: New Delhi		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
 Indonesia
Capital: Djakarta 		Widely recognized independent state.
Iran – Imperial State of Iran
Capital: Tehran		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 12 November 1945)
Iraq Iraq – Kingdom of Iraq
Capital: Baghdad		 Widely recognized independent state and LON member state to 20 April 1946; UN member state from 21 December 1945.
 Ireland
Capital: Dublin		 Widely recognized independent state and LON member state to 20 April 1946.
 Israel – State of Israel (from 14 May 1948)
Capital: Tel Aviv		 Widely-recognized UN member state from 11 May 1949.[lower-alpha 6]
Italian Social Republic (from September 1943 to May 1945)
Capital: Salò		 Puppet state of Germany, independent to the Kingdom of Italy.
→ Italy
Capital: Rome (to September 1943, from February 1944), Brindisi (from September 1943 to February 1944) 		Widely recognized independent state.

J

 Japan
Capital: Tokyo 		Widely recognized independent state.

K

Kalat – Khanate of Kalat from (15 August 1947 until 27 March 1948)
Capital: Kalat, Balochistan

Korea – People's Republic of Korea (from 12 September 1945 to 1948)
Capital: Seoul

 Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea (from 9 September 1948)
Capital: Pyongyang		 Widely recognized independent state.[lower-alpha 7] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.
→ →  Korea, South – Republic of Korea (from 17 August 1948)
Capital: Seoul		 Widely recognized independent state.[lower-alpha 8] Permanent observer at the UN. Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.

L

 Latvia – Republic of Latvia (to 17 August 1940)
Capital: Riga		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 5 August 1940 and in exile to 20 April 1946. Conquered by a Soviet offensive but maintained a government in exile.
 Lebanon – Lebanese Republic (from 22 November 1943)
Capital: Beirut		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from October 1945.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia		 Widely recognized independent state.LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 2 November 1945.
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania (to 15 June 1940)
Capital: Vilnius		 Widely recognized independent state.LON member state to 5 August 1940 and in exile to 20 April 1946. Conquered by a Soviet offensive but maintained a government in exile.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (to 10 May 1940, from 11 September 1944)
Capital: Luxembourg City		 Widely recognized independent state; LON member state to 10 May 1940, from 11 Sept 1944 to 20 April 1946 and in exile from 10 May 1940 to 11 Sept 1944. Conquered by a German offensive but maintained a government in exile based in London and a UN member state from 24 October 1945.

M

 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 17 November 1945.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco		 Widely recognized independent state.
Mongolia → Mongolia → Mongolia Mongolia – Mongolian People's Republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar		 Widely recognized independent state from January 5, 1946.

N

Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands (to 15 May 1940, from 5 May 1945)
Capital: Amsterdam		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 10 December 1945. Under occupation by Germany from 10 May 1940 to 5 May 1945.
New Zealand New Zealand – Dominion of New Zealand
Capital: Wellington		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 24 October 1945. Dominion of the British Empire until 25 Nov 1947. Commonwealth realm.
 Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 24 Oct 1945).
 Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Oslo		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 24 October 1945.

Under occupation by Germany from 9 April 1940 to 8 May 1945.

P

 Pakistan – Dominion of Pakistan (from 14 Aug 1947)
Capital: Karachi		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 30 September 1947). Commonwealth realm.
 Panama – Republic of Panama
Capital: Panama City		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 13 November 1945.
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 24 Oct 1945.
 Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 31 Oct 1945.
 Philippine Commonwealth
Capital: Manila 		Widely recognized independent state from 4 Jul 1946. UN member state from 24 Oct 1945.
 Second Philippine Republic (from 14 October 1943 to 17 August 1945)
Capital: Manila (from 14 October 1943 to 3 March 1945) Baguio (from 3 March 1945)		 De facto independent state; considered to be a puppet state of Japan.
Poland – Republic of Poland (from 31 December 1944 to 28 June 1945)
Capital: Warsaw 		Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946. UN member state from 24 October 1945.
Portugal – Portuguese Republic
Capital: Lisbon		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to 20 April 1946.

R

Kingdom of Romania → Socialist Republic of Romania Romania
Capital: Bucharest 		Widely recognized independent state.

S

 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: City of San Marino		 Widely recognized independent state.
Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Capital: Riyadh		 Widely recognized independent state; UN member state from 24 October 1945.
Sikkim – Kingdom of Sikkim
Capital: Gangtok		 Widely recognized independent state.
 South Africa – Union of South Africa
Capital: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial)		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 17 November 1945. Commonwealth realm.
 Soviet Union – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Capital: Moscow		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from 24 October 1945. The Soviet Union was a federation of 11 (later 15) republics.[lower-alpha 9]
Francoist Spain → Francoist Spain Spain – Spanish State
Capital: Madrid		 Widely recognized independent state. Spain had sovereignty over the following overseas provinces:
 Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
Capital: Stockholm		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state.
  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state. Permanent observer at the UN.
Syria – Syrian Republic (from January 1 1944)
Capital: Damascus		 Widely recognized independent state.

T

 Thailand / Siam
Capital: Bangkok
  • Kingdom of Thailand (to 7 September 1945, from 11 May 1949)
  • Kingdom of Siam (from 7 September 1945 to 11 May 1949)
 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state. UN member state from 16 December 1946.
Tibet
Capital: Lhasa		 De facto independent state. Claimed by the Republic of China and by the People's Republic of China.
Jordan Transjordan / Jordan
Capital: Amman
  • Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (to April 1949)
  • Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (from 3 April 1949)
 Widely-recognized independent state.
 Trieste – Free Territory of Trieste (from May 25, 1946)
Capital: Trieste		 Widely recognized independent state.
Tripura – Kingdom of Tripura (to September 9, 1949)
Capital: Agartala		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Turkey – Republic of Turkey
Capital: Ankara		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to October 4, 1945. UN member state from October 4, 1945.

U

 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Capital: London		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to October 4, 1945. UN member state from October 4, 1945. The United Kingdom was composed of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The United Kingdom had sovereignty over:
 United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington, D.C.		 Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from October 4, 1945. The United States had sovereignty over:
 Uruguay – Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo		 Widely recognized independent state. LON member state to December 18, 1945. UN member state from December 18, 1945.

V

 Vatican City – Vatican City State
Capital: Vatican City		 Widely recognized independent state.
Venezuela – United States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas		 Widely recognized independent state.

Y

Yemen Yemen – Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
Capital: Sana'a		 Widely recognized independent state.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia → Democratic Federal Yugoslavia →  Yugoslavia (to April 6, 1941, from November 29, 1943)
Capital: Belgrade 		Widely recognized independent state. UN member state from October 24, 1945. Under occupation by Nazi Germany from April 6, 1941 to May 25, 1945. A government in exile was regarded as the legitimate government by the Allies.

Other entities

Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:

  •  Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) was divided into four zones of occupation by France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
  • Beiyang government China, Provisional Government of – Provisional Government of the Republic of China (to 30 March 1940) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during Second Sino-Japanese War.
  • China, Reformed Government of – Reformed Government of the Republic of China (to 30 March 1940) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during Second Sino-Japanese War.
  •  East Turkestan, officially the East Turkestan Republic, existed from November 12, 1944 to December 22, 1949, when it was conquered by China.
  •  Estonia was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but the legality of the annexation was not widely recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.
  •  Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but the legality of the annexation was not widely recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.
  •  Lithuania was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but the legality of the annexation was not widely recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.
  •  Manchukuo – Great Empire of Manchuria (to August, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority after Mukden Incident. Recognized by Axis powers member states.
  •  Mengjiang – Mongol Military Government (to August, 1945)
    Capital: Kalgan was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during Second Sino-Japanese War. Recognized by Axis powers member states.
  • National Government of the Republic of China – National Government of the Republic of China (from 30 March 1940 to August 16, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japanese military, combined Reformed Government and Provisional Government together. Recognized by Axis powers member states.
  • The Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone was a strip of neutral territory between Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
  • The Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone was a strip of neutral territory between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
  • Slovakia Slovakia – Slovak Republic (to April 4, 1945) was organized and recognized by German military after Munich Agreement. Recognized by Axis powers member states. Recognized by Axis powers member states and several neutral states.
  • Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was an entity claiming sovereignty. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome.[3] Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
  • Tangier was an international zone under the joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Belgium.
  • West Berlin from 23 May 1949 was a political enclave that was closely aligned with – but not actually a part of – West Germany. It consisted of three occupied sectors administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.

Notes

  1. ↑ 23 Provinces: Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut (from 15 June 1955), Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa (from 15 June 1955), Jujuy, La Pampa (renamed Eva Perón from 29 January 1952 to 27 April 1956), La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones (from 1953), Neuquén (from 15 June 1955), Presidente Juan Perón (from 10 August 1951, renamed Chaco on 27 April 1956), Río Negro (from 15 June 1955), Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz (from 1957), Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán. 10 Territories: Buenos Aires, Chaco (to 10 August 1951, renamed Presidente Juan Perón in 1950), Chubut (to 15 June 1955), Formosa (to 15 June 1955), Misiones (to 1953), Neuquén (to 15 June 1955), Río Negro (to 15 June 1955), Santa Cruz (to 1957), Tierra del Fuego.
  2. ↑ 6 States: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia. 3 Territories: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, Northern Territory.
  3. ↑ 20 states: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 5 territories: Acre, Amapá (from September 13, 1943), Fernando de Noronha (from February 9, 1942), Iguaçu (from September 13, 1943 to September 18, 1946), Ponta Porã (from September 13, 1943 to September 18, 1946), Guaporé (from September 13, 1943), Rio Branco (from September 13, 1943). 1 federal district: Federal District.
  4. ↑ 10 Provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan. 2 Territories: Northwest Territories, Yukon.
  5. ↑ Owing to a dispute over lands seized during World War II, Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia did not recognize each other.
  6. ↑ Israel was not recognized by Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Jordan, Lebanon, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, or Yemen.
  7. ↑ North Korea was not recognized by the Estonian exile government, France, Japan, or South Korea.
  8. ↑ South Korea was not recognized by the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, Romania or North Korea.
  9. ↑ Byelorussian SSR, Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR, Tajik SSR, Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Moldavian SSR (from August 2, 1940), Lithuanian SSR (from August 3, 1940), Latvian SSR (from August 5, 1940), Estonian SSR (from August 6, 1940).

References

  1. 1 2 3 Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (2020-03-03). "States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)". International Interactions. 46 (2): 301. doi:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199. ISSN 0305-0629.
  2. ↑ 12 States: Baden, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein, Württemberg-Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern.
  3. ↑ Bilateral relations with countries Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 2009-12-22
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