These are lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in the Catalan language. The two main standard forms (Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian) are used as primary transcriptions norms of their respective spelling forms.
Spelling patterns and pronunciation in Catalan and Valencian
| Consonants and combinations of consonant letters | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | ||||
| b | initially and medially (elsewhere) | /b/ | blau, roba | /p/ | Baotou | ||
| medially before a lateral | /bː/ | /b/ | poble | — | — | ||
| medially before a nasal | /mː/[lower-alpha 1] | submarins | — | — | |||
| /nː/[lower-alpha 2] | obnoxi | — | — | ||||
| medially before a voiceless cons. | /p/ | absolut | — | — | |||
| finally | cub | Ø | Ø | amb | |||
| /p/ | tomb | ||||||
| bb | /bː/ | abbàssida | /b/ | lobby | |||
| bh | /b/ | subhasta | — | — | |||
| bs | /ps/[lower-alpha 3] | abstracte | — | — | |||
| bv | /bː/[lower-alpha 4] | /bv/[lower-alpha 5] | obvietat | — | — | ||
| ç | final before vowels or a voiced cons. | /z/ | feliçment | — | — | ||
| elsewhere | /s/ | açò | — | — | |||
| c | before e, i | ciri | /t͡ʃ/ | Versace | |||
| initially and medially (elsewhere) | /k/ | casa | /t͡s/ | Cao Zhi | |||
| finally | rec | Ø | /k/ | banc | |||
| medially before a voiced cons. | /ɡ/ | ècdisi | — | — | |||
| medially before a nasal | /ŋ/[lower-alpha 6] | tècnics | — | — | |||
| cc | before e, i | /ks/ | acció | /t͡ʃ/ | Gucci | ||
| *ch[1] (old form and loanwords) | /k/ | Lluch | Alborch | ||||
| /ʃ/ | quiche | ||||||
| /x/ | Bach (Ge. surname) | ||||||
| cch (in loanwords) | Crecchio | — | — | ||||
| cht (in loanwords) | /t/ | yacht | — | — | |||
| ck (in loanwords) | /k/ | hacker | — | — | |||
| cks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | snacks | — | — | |||
| cs | dacsa | — | — | ||||
| ct | initially | /t/ | ctònic | — | — | ||
| medially | /kt/ | acte | — | — | |||
| cz | before e, i | /gz/[lower-alpha 7] | èczema | — | — | ||
| d | initially and medially | /d/ | dolç, cada | /t/ | Dalian | ||
| finally | /t/ | sord | Ø | /t/ | rotund | ||
| dd | /dː/ | adduir | — | — | |||
| dg | before e, i | /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | pidgin | /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 8] | bridge | |
| elsewhere | /dɡ/[lower-alpha 9] | Edgar | — | — | |||
| dh | /d/ | adhesiu | — | — | |||
| dj | /d͡ʒ/ | Django | — | — | |||
| /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | adjunt | — | — | |||
| dm | /dm/[lower-alpha 10] | cadmi | — | — | |||
| dn | /dn/[lower-alpha 11] | adnat | — | — | |||
| ds | /t͡s/[lower-alpha 3] | adscriure | — | — | |||
| dv | /db/[lower-alpha 12] | /dv/[lower-alpha 13] | ludvígia | — | — | ||
| f | medially before a voiced cons. | /v/ | hafni | — | — | ||
| elsewhere | /f/ | fars | — | — | |||
| ff (in loanwords) | /fː/ | affidavit | /f/ | office | |||
| fh | /f/ | sulfhídric | — | — | |||
| g | before e, i | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | gens | /ʃ/[lower-alpha 14] | collage | |
| /ɡ/ | bagel | ||||||
| initially and medially (elsewhere) | /ɡ/ | gana, àgab | /k/ | Gansu | |||
| medially before a lateral | /ɡː/ | /ɡ/ | regla | — | — | ||
| medially and finally after i (see ig) | /t͡ʃ/ | mig | /ɡ/ | amígdala | |||
| /d͡ʒ/ | migdia | ||||||
| finally | /k/ | reg | Ø | /k/ | sang | ||
| gg[2] | before e, i | /ʒː/ | /d͡ʒ/ | suggerir | — | — | |
| elsewhere | /ɡː/[lower-alpha 15] | burggravi | /ɡ/ | ziggurat | |||
| gh (in loanwords) | /ɡ/ | oghuz | — | — | |||
| ght (in loanwords) | /t/ | light | — | — | |||
| gm | /ŋm/[lower-alpha 16] | estigma | — | — | |||
| gn | initially | /n/ | gnom | — | — | ||
| medially | /ŋn/[lower-alpha 17] | cigne | /ɲ/ | cognac | |||
| gs | /ks/ | regs | — | — | |||
| /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 18] | migs | — | — | ||||
| h | Ø | hivern | /h/ | hàmster | |||
| j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /ʒ/ | /j/ | ja | |
| /j/ | Jotti | ||||||
| /x/ | jota (d.) | ||||||
| /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Rijkov | |||||
| k (in loanwords) | /k/ | kiwi | Ø | knock-out | |||
| kh (in loanwords) | /x/ | abkhaz | /k/ | kha | |||
| ks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | quarks | — | — | |||
| l | /l/ | laca | /l/ | Ø | altre | ||
| ł (in loanwords) | /w/ | Wojtyła | — | — | |||
| ll[1] | /ʎ/ | llac, cella, ell | /ʎ/ | /l/ | estrel(l)a | ||
| /l/ | ballet | ||||||
| /lː/ | allegro | ||||||
| ŀl[1] | /lː/ | ceŀla | — | — | |||
| lh | /l/ | alhora | /lh/ | coolhunter | |||
| /ʎ/ | Vielha | ||||||
| lj | /ʎʒ/ | /ʎd͡ʒ/ | aljub | Ljubljana | |||
| m | initially and finally | /m/ | mut, em | — | — | ||
| before f or v | /ɱ/ | nimfa, tramvia (Va.) | — | — | |||
| mm[1] | /mː/ | immens | — | — | |||
| mn | initially | /n/ | mnemòtic | — | — | ||
| medially | /mn/ | somni | — | — | |||
| Mc (in loanwords) | /mək/ | /mak/ | McCain | — | — | ||
| mh | /m/ | amhàric | — | — | |||
| n | initially and finally | /n/ | nou, ens | — | — | ||
| before f or v | /ɱ/ | ínfim, canvi (Va.) | — | — | |||
| before a labial cons. | /m/ | benparlat | — | — | |||
| before a palatal cons. | /ɲ/ | menja, àngel | — | — | |||
| before a velar cons. | /ŋ/ | vincle, fang | — | — | |||
| nn[1] | /nː/ | innat | /n/ | sonne | |||
| ng (in loanwords) | /ŋ/ | víking | — | — | |||
| nh | /n/ | anhel | /nh/ | skinhead | |||
| /ɲ/ | caipirinha | ||||||
| nj | /ɲʒ/ | /ɲd͡ʒ/ | penjar | oranje | |||
| nm | /mː/ | enmig | — | — | |||
| ny[1] | /ɲ/ | any | — | — | |||
| ñ (in loanwords) | El Niño | — | — | ||||
| p | initially and finally | /p/ | pont, cup | Ø | /p/ | camp | |
| before a voiced cons. | /b/ | capbaix | — | — | |||
| before a nasal | /mː/[lower-alpha 1] | capmàs | — | — | |||
| pp | /pː/ | proppassat | /p/ | hippy | |||
| ph (in compounds and classical terms) | /p/ | caphuitada (Va.) | /f/ | pholis | |||
| pn | initially | /n/ | pneuma | — | — | ||
| medially | /bn/[lower-alpha 19] | apnea | — | — | |||
| ps | initially | /s/ | psicòleg | — | — | ||
| medially | /ps/ | capsa | — | — | |||
| pt | initially | /t/ | ptilosi | — | — | ||
| medially | /pt/ | apte | /t/ | comptar | |||
| q (see qu) | /k/ | Qatar | /t͡ʃ/ | Qinghai | |||
| r | initially | /r/ | ratolí | — | — | ||
| medially after l, n, s | folro | — | — | ||||
| medially (elsewhere) | /ɾ/ | però | /r/ | infraroig | |||
| finally | mar | Ø | Ø | dimarts | |||
| /ɾ/ | córrer | ||||||
| rr[1] | /r/ | marró | — | — | |||
| rh | initially | rhodesià | — | — | |||
| medially | /ɾ/ | superhome | /ɾh/ | dírham | |||
| s | initially | /s/ | sac | /z/ | Saarland (Ge.) | ||
| medially next to a cons. | estimar | esma | |||||
| after a nasal | institut | trànsit | |||||
| most cases between two vowels | /z/ | rosa | /s/ | contrasenya | |||
| finally | /s/ | dins, repòs | /ʃ/ | ells | |||
| ss[1] | rossa | — | — | ||||
| sc[1] | before e, i | ascens | /ʃ/ | crescendo | |||
| elsewhere | /sk/ | escriure | /ʃk/[lower-alpha 20] | visca | |||
| -scs | /sks/[lower-alpha 21] | boscs | — | — | |||
| sch (in loanwords) | /sk/[lower-alpha 22] | scherzo | — | — | |||
| /ʃ/ | jiddisch | — | — | ||||
| sh (in compounds and loanwords) | /z/ | deshora | /ʃ/ | sushi | |||
| /ʒ/[lower-alpha 23] | flashback | ||||||
| -st | /st/ | est | /t/ | /st/ | aquest | ||
| -sts | /sts/[lower-alpha 24] | gusts | /ts/[lower-alpha 24] | /sts/[lower-alpha 24] | aquests | ||
| sx | /(s)ʃ/ | /st͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 25] | desxifrat | — | — | ||
| sz (in loanwords) | /s/ | Szolnok | — | — | |||
| /ʃ/ | Tomasz | — | — | ||||
| szcz (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 26] | Szczecin | — | — | |||
| t | initially and medially | /t/ | tamís | — | — | ||
| finally | sort | Ø | /t/ | font | |||
| tt | /tː/ | posttònic | /t/ | dittografia | |||
| tb (in loanwords) | /db/[lower-alpha 27] | futbol | — | — | |||
| tg[1] | before e, i | /d͡ʒ/ | fetge | — | — | ||
| th (in compounds and loanwords) | /t/ | tothom | /θ/ | theta | |||
| /ð/ | The Times | ||||||
| /th/ | apartheid | ||||||
| ti | /ti/ | ties | /ʃ/ | National Mall (En.) | |||
| tj[1] | /d͡ʒ/ | mitjà | — | — | |||
| tl[1] | — | /lː/ | vetl(l)a | /dl/[lower-alpha 28] | atles | ||
| tll[1] | /ʎː/ | — | /ʎː/ | /ʎ/ | bitllet | ||
| tm[1] | initially | /m/ | tmesi | — | — | ||
| medially | /mː/[lower-alpha 29] | sotmetre | /dm/[lower-alpha 10] | ritme | |||
| tn[1] | /nː/ | cotna | /dn/[lower-alpha 11] | ètnic | |||
| tch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | sketch | — | — | |||
| tsch (in loanwords) | kitsch | — | — | ||||
| ts | initially | /t͡s/[lower-alpha 30] | tsar | — | — | ||
| medially and finally | potser, bits | — | — | ||||
| tx[1] | /t͡ʃ/ | cotxe | — | — | |||
| tz[1] | /d͡z/ | dotze | /d͡z/ | /z/ | utilitzar | ||
| /t͡s/ | hertz | — | — | ||||
| tzsch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | nitzscheà | — | — | |||
| v | initially and medially | /b/[lower-alpha 31] | /v/[lower-alpha 32] | vila | /f/ | von (Ge.) | |
| finally | /p/[lower-alpha 33] | /f/[lower-alpha 34] | salv | Kíev | |||
| w (in loanwords) | /w/ | western | /b/[lower-alpha 31] | /v/[lower-alpha 32] | watt | ||
| /f/ | Bukowski | ||||||
| wh (in loanwords) | whisky | /h/ | The Who | ||||
| x | initially | /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | xiular | /ʃ/ | Xàtiva | |
| next to a voiceless cons. | /ks/ | expert | — | — | |||
| medially (elsewhere) | /ɡz/ | examen | /ks/ | fixar | |||
| medially and finally after i (see ix) | /ʃ/ | guix | mix | ||||
| /ʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | ||||
| finally | /ks/ | índex | — | — | |||
| xc | before e, i | excel·lent | — | — | |||
| elsewhere | /(k)sk/ | excavar | — | — | |||
| xh | /gz/ | exhaust | — | — | |||
| xs | /ks/ | exsudar | — | — | |||
| -xt | /(k)st/ | mixt | — | — | |||
| -xts | /(k)sts/[lower-alpha 35] | texts | — | — | |||
| y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | /j/ | yuppie | — | — | |||
| /i/ | husky | /ai̯/ | bypass | ||||
| yy (in loanwords) | /j/ | Hudaybiyya | — | — | |||
| z | most cases | /z/ | zona | /d͡z/ | scherzo | ||
| /t͡s/ | Zemin | ||||||
| finally | /s/ | brunz | /θ/[lower-alpha 36] | López | |||
| zz (in loanwords) | /d͡z/ | mezzo | /z/ | jacuzzi | |||
| /t͡s/ | pizza | /s/ | jazz | ||||
| zh (in loanwords) | /z/ | alzhèimer | /d͡ʒ/ | Zhou | |||
| Vowels and combinations of vowel letters | |||||||
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | ||||
| a, à, â | stressed position | /a/ | /a/ | arc, àtom, pâ (Va.) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | lady |
| /ɔ/ | yacht | ||||||
| unstressed position | /ə/ | anís, mitja | /a/ | allegretto | |||
| /ə/ | /ɛ ~ ɔ/ | terra, dona | |||||
| /e/ | artista (m.) | ||||||
| Ø | mitja hora | ||||||
| /o/ | Quartet (En.) | ||||||
| unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | barana | /e/ | software | |||
| /eə/ | /ea/ | Square | |||||
| ä (in loanwords) | /ɛ/ | Händel | — | — | |||
| aa | stressed position | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | Isaac | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /əː/ | /aː/ | aalenià | — | — | ||
| ae | stressed position (open) | /əˈɛ/ | /aˈɛ/ | aeri | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | graella | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /əe/ | /ae/ | aeròbic | /i/ | reggae | ||
| /ə/ | /e/ | Michael | |||||
| /ai̯/[lower-alpha 37] | taekwondo | ||||||
| aé | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | tacaé | — | — | ||
| ai | stressed position | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | aigua | /e/ | affaire | |
| /ei̯/ | container | ||||||
| unstressed position | /əi̯/ | airós | — | — | |||
| aï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | raïm | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /a.i/ | aïllat | — | — | ||
| aí | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | país | — | — | ||
| ao | /au/ | /ao/ | caos | — | — | ||
| /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | graons | — | — | |||
| aó | raó | — | — | ||||
| au | stressed position | /au̯/ | /au̯/ | caus | /o/ | Foucault | |
| unstressed position | /əu̯/ | haurà | Faubourg | ||||
| aü | stressed position | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | taüt | /ɔi̯/ | fräulein | |
| unstressed position | /ə.u/ | /a.u/ | aüllar | — | — | ||
| aú | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | Esaú | — | — | ||
| e, é, è | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛ/ | dens, èxit | /ɛ/ | /e/ | alè/alé, què | |
| stressed position (closed/open) | /e/ | ella, bé | |||||
| stressed position (closed) | — | — | /i/[lower-alpha 38] | reggae | |||
| unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /e/ | ídem | ||
| /ə/ | /a/ | espill | |||||
| /i/ | naixement | ||||||
| /i/ | reality | ||||||
| Ø | fanzines | ||||||
| no el té | |||||||
| unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | /e/ | veritat | — | — | ||
| ea | stressed position | /eˈa/ | crear | /i/ | beat | ||
| /ɛ/ | spread | ||||||
| /e(i̯)ə/ | /ea/ | idea | /ɔ/ | Sean | |||
| unstressed position | /eə/ | àrea | /ə/ | /e/ | bearnesa | ||
| eà | /eˈa/ | oceà | — | — | |||
| eau (in loanwords) | /o/ | Rousseau | — | — | |||
| ee | stressed position | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | creença | /i/ | jeep | |
| /e(i̯)ə/ | /eː/ | idees | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /eə/ | àrees | — | — | |||
| /əː/ | reeixir | — | — | ||||
| ei | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛi̯/ | oleic | /ɛi̯/ | /ei̯/ | remei | |
| stressed position (closed/open) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | reina | ||||
| unstressed position | /əi̯/ | eivissenc | — | — | |||
| stressed position (in loanwords) | /ai̯/ | eingang | — | — | |||
| eï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | obeït | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /e.i/ | veïnat | — | — | ||
| èi | /ɛi̯/ | plèiade | — | — | |||
| eo | stressed position (open) | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | beoci | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /əˈo/ | /eˈo/ | eons | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /əu/ | /eo/ | teoria | /eo/ | vídeo | ||
| eò | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | eòlic | — | — | ||
| eu | stressed position (open) | /ɛu̯/ | peu | /ɔi̯/ | Bayreuth | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /eu̯/ | /eu̯/ | seu | /e/[lower-alpha 39] | amateur | ||
| unstressed position | /əu̯/ | europea | — | — | |||
| eü | /əˈu/ | /eˈu/ | peüc | — | — | ||
| i, í, ï | stressed position | /i/ | illa, ací | /ai̯/ | copyright | ||
| /ɛ/[lower-alpha 40][lower-alpha 41] | Rodin, birdie | ||||||
| unstressed position | Ø | business | |||||
| after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈi/ | naïf | — | — | |||
| after vowels (unstressed position) | /i̯/ | creies | — | — | |||
| ia | stressed position | /i̯a/ | /i̯a/ | iaio | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | veia | — | — | |||
| ie | stressed position | /i̯e/ | /i̯e/ | veient (Cat.) | /i/ | briefing | |
| unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | feien | — | — | |||
| ii | /iː/ | xiisme | — | — | |||
| iï | /iˈi/ | xiïta | — | — | |||
| io | stressed position (open) | /i̯ɔ/ | iode | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /i̯o/ | /i̯o/ | io-io | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /i̯u/ | iogurt | — | — | |||
| iu | /i̯u/ | iuguslau | — | — | |||
| o, ó, ò | stressed position (open) | /ɔ/ | bo, allò | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /o/ | /o/ | mot, ós | /ou̯/ | pincode | ||
| /u/ | Guangdong | ||||||
| unstressed position | /u/ | ferro | /o/ | ego | |||
| /u/ | cobert | ||||||
| /u̯/ | posa-ho | ||||||
| /ə/ | /a/ | Ogariov | |||||
| oa | stressed position | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | poal | /uˈa/ | Joan | |
| /ou̯/ | coach | ||||||
| /oə/ | /oa/ | quinoa | /o/ | snowboard | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | lloador | /uə/ | /ua/ | Joaquim | ||
| oe | stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈɛ/ | /oˈe/ | coet | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /uˈe/ | poeta | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /oe/ | àloe | — | — | ||
| oi (see ix) | stressed position (open) | /ɔi̯/ | boira | /u̯a/ | foie | ||
| stressed position (closed) | — | /oi̯/ | coix | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /ui̯/ | joiós | /uə/ | /ua/ | croissant | ||
| oï | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | roïns | — | — | ||
| oo | /oː/ | zoo | /u/ | zoom | |||
| /uˈo/ | /oˈo/ | microones | — | — | |||
| ou | stressed position (open) | /ɔu̯/ | bou | /au̯/ | cloud | ||
| /ɔ/ | final four | ||||||
| stressed position (closed) | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | sou (v.) | /u/ | tour | ||
| /w/ | ouija | ||||||
| unstressed position | /ɵu̯/[lower-alpha 42] | clourà | — | — | |||
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | tu, ús | /i/ | business | ||
| /y/[lower-alpha 43] | déjà vu, Müller | ||||||
| /a/ | punk | ||||||
| /iu̯/ | duty-free | ||||||
| /ɛ/[lower-alpha 41] | return | ||||||
| after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈu/ | reüll | — | — | |||
| after vowels (unstressed position) | /u̯/ | creua | — | — | |||
| ua | stressed position | /uˈa/ | suat | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /ua/ | cua | — | — | ||
| ue | stressed position (open) | /uˈɛ/ | /uˈɛ/ | duel | /u/ | blues | |
| /y/[lower-alpha 43] | fondue | ||||||
| stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈe/ | fuet | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /ue/ | duen | — | — | ||
| ui | /ui̯/ | /ui̯/ (in. /u̯i/) | buit | /u̯ei̯/ | Anhui | ||
| uï | /uˈi/ | fluït | — | — | |||
| uo | stressed position (open) | /uˈɔ/ | cuot | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /uˈo/ | suor | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uː/ | — | suo | /uo/ | duo | ||
| uu | /uː/ | lluu | — | — | |||
| Combinations of vowel and consonant letters | |||||||
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL | ||||
| aha | /əː/ | /aː/ | bahamià | /əha/ | /aha/ | Kalahari | |
| ahà | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | sahàric | — | — | ||
| ahe | /əe/ | /ae/ | sahelians | — | — | ||
| /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | subtrahend | — | — | |||
| ahi | /əi/ | /ai/ | Tahití | — | — | ||
| /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | ahir | — | — | |||
| ahí | tahírida | — | — | ||||
| aho | /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | Mahoma | /aho/ | navaho | ||
| /əu/ | /ao/ | mahometà | — | — | |||
| ahò | /əˈɔ/ | /aˈɔ/ | mahònia | — | — | ||
| ahu | /əu/ | /au/ | infrahumans | — | — | ||
| aw (in loanwords) | /ɔ/ | Law | — | — | |||
| ay (old form and loanwords) | /ai̯/ | faraday | /ɛ/ | /e/ | Quai d'Orsay | ||
| /ei̯/ | play | — | — | ||||
| ci (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | ciao | — | — | |||
| cci (in loanwords) | carpaccio | — | — | ||||
| cqu (in loanwords) | /k/ | jacquard | — | — | |||
| dqu | before e, i | /tk/[lower-alpha 44] | adquirir | — | — | ||
| eha | /eə/ | /ea/ | rehabilitar | — | — | ||
| ehe | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | aprehendre | — | — | ||
| /əː/ | /eː/ | vehement | — | — | |||
| ehi | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | vehicle | — | — | ||
| /əi/ | /ei/ | dehiscent | — | — | |||
| ehí | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | aldehídic | — | — | ||
| eho | /əu/ | /eo/ | prehomínids | — | — | ||
| ehu | /eu/ | sobrehumà | — | — | |||
| ew (in loanwords) | /iu̯/ | newton | /u/ | crew | |||
| ey (old form and loanwords) | /ei̯/ | keynesià | /i/ | bogey | |||
| gi (in loanwords) | /d͡ʒ/ | adagio | — | — | |||
| ggi (in loanwords) | appoggiatura | — | — | ||||
| gu[1] | before a, o | /ɡw/ | guant | — | — | ||
| before a cons. | /ɡu/ | agut | — | — | |||
| before e, i | /ɡ/ | guitza | — | — | |||
| gü | /ɡw/ | pingüí | — | — | |||
| iha | /iə/ | /ia/ | polihalita | /iha/ | jihad | ||
| ihe | /iˈɛ/ | periheli | — | — | |||
| /iə/ | /ie/ | antiheroi | — | — | |||
| ihè | /iɛ/ | dihèlia | — | — | |||
| ihi | /iː/ | anihilar | — | — | |||
| ihí | /iˈi/ | polihídric | — | — | |||
| iho | /iu/ | /io/ | antihorari | — | — | ||
| ihu | /iu/ | antihumitat | /iu̯/ | marihuana | |||
| ig[1] | finally | /t͡ʃ/ | reig | — | — | ||
| /it͡ʃ/ | mig | — | — | ||||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /d͡ʒ/ | reig blanc | — | — | |||
| /id͡ʒ/ | migdia | — | — | ||||
| igs | /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 45] | reigs | — | — | |||
| /it͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 18] | migs | — | — | ||||
| ix[1] | finally | /ʃ/ | /i̯ʃ/ | coix | — | — | |
| /iʃ/ | guix | — | — | ||||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /ʒ/ | /i̯ʒ/ | coix i cec | — | — | ||
| /iʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | ||||
| ïx | finally | /iʃ/ | reïx | — | — | ||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /iʒ/ | reïx bé | — | — | |||
| le (in loanwords) | /əl/ | /el/ | paddle surf | — | — | ||
| oha | /uə/ | /oa/ | cohabitar | — | — | ||
| ohà | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | bohàiric | — | — | ||
| ohe | /uə/ | /oe/ | cohesió | — | — | ||
| ohè | /uɛ/ | /oɛ/ | bohèmia | — | — | ||
| ohi | /ui/ | /oi/ | prohibir | — | — | ||
| ohí | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | microhílids | — | — | ||
| oho | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | cohort | — | — | ||
| /uː/ | /oː/ | cohobació | — | — | |||
| ohò | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | alcohòlic | — | — | ||
| ohu | /uː/ | /ou/ | argiŀlohumífer | — | — | ||
| ow (in loanwords) | /ou̯/ | flow | — | — | |||
| /au̯/ | cowboy | — | — | ||||
| oy (old form and loanwords) | /ɔi̯/ | Roy | /u̯a/ | Troyes | |||
| qu[1] | before a, o | /kw/ | quan | — | — | ||
| before e, i | /k/ | quina | — | — | |||
| qü | /kw/ | qüestió | — | — | |||
Notes
- 1 2 (or /b+m/, /p+m/: /bm/)
- ↑ (or /b+n/: /bn/)
- 1 2 (or simply /s/)
- ↑ (or /bv/)
- ↑ (or /bː/)
- ↑ (or /ɡ/)
- ↑ (or /ks/, in Valencian)
- ↑ (or /dʒ/)
- ↑ (or /ɡ/, after a nasal: /ŋɡ/)
- 1 2 (or /mː/)
- 1 2 (or /nː/)
- ↑ (or /dv/)
- ↑ (or /db/)
- ↑ (or /ʒ/)
- ↑ (or simply /ɡ/, in Valencian)
- ↑ (or /ɡm/)
- ↑ (or /ɡn/)
- 1 2 (it varies with /-d͡ʒus/ and /-d͡ʒos/ (mitjos))
- ↑ (or /nː/)
- ↑ (or /sk/)
- ↑ (it varies with /-skus/ and /-skos/ (boscos))
- ↑ (or /esk/ in loanwords with initial s+consonant)
- ↑ (or /ʃ/)
- 1 2 3 (it varies with /-stus/ and /-stos/ (gustos, aquestos))
- ↑ (or /(s)ʃ/)
- ↑ (or /ʃt͡ʃ/)
- ↑ (or /bː/)
- ↑ (or /lː/)
- ↑ (or simply /m/, in Valencian)
- ↑ (or initially /s/)
- 1 2 (or /v/)
- 1 2 (or /b/)
- ↑ (or /f/)
- ↑ (or /p/)
- ↑ (it varies with /-(k)stus/ and /-(k)stos/ (textos))
- ↑ (or /s/)
- ↑ (or /ae/)
- ↑ (or /ɛ/)
- ↑ (it corresponds to French /œ/)
- ↑ (it corresponds to French /ɛ̃/)
- 1 2 (it corresponds to English /ɜː/)
- ↑ (/əu̯/, /ou̯/ or /u/)
- 1 2 (usually replaced with /i/ or /u/)
- ↑ (or /kː/)
- ↑ (it varies with /-(d͡)ʒus/ (lletjos with /d͡ʒ/, but rejos with /ʒ/) and /-d͡ʒos/ (both lletjos and rejos with /d͡ʒ/))
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ortografia. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). p. 37-46.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ↑ "Dictamen, llistat 27 (grup gg)" (PDF). La veu de les ones | Butlletí electrònic de la plataforma reSOLC-mitjansCAT. Laboratori de Tecnologies Lingüístiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF).
Bibliography
- Gramàtica normativa valenciana. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
- Guia d'usos lingüístics. Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana. 2002.
- Ortografia catalana. Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
- Diccionari normatiu valencià. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
- Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Editorial Moll.
- "Ús d'estrangerismes. Llibre d'estil". Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF).
- "ésAdir". Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals. Generalitat de Catalunya.
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